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The PLC was fingerprinted using symbols in the PLC program. The other DLL was used to fingerprint the target system and build a PLC data block that could be used to attack the PLC.

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One DLL was used to insert malicious code into the PLC.

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Stuxnet replaced two dynamically linked libraries (DLLs) in order to attack the software on a PLC. Command and control of Stuxnet was performed through four different URLs each displayed the same home page for a purported Internet marketing agency. It used external websites only for code downloads and updates. It was designed to operate largely autonomously. Stuxnet would then spread through the network using peer-to-peer methods. An infected device, such as a USB key, would be sufficient to infect one computer on the target network. It was designed to infect networks that were not connected to the Internet. It was designed to stop compromising computers on July 4, 2009. It may have become operational as early as November 2005 it became known to malware scanners in November 2007. Stuxnet 0.5 is the first known version of Stuxnet. Knowledge of the system structure may have come from other sources, but design documents may have been stolen by early versions of Stuxnet. The Stuxnet code is designed to target particular centrifuges at that facility as identified by symbols inside the PLC code the Stuxnet code also exhibits features that exploit the interconnection of the centrifuges in the system. Sets of centrifuges are organized into stages that form a cascade additional auxiliary valves control access to the stages and the cascade. Each centrifuge has its own set of valves. Stuxnet targeted PLCs for centrifuges in a nuclear fuel refinement system. It is also the first known case of a virus that used similar techniques to attack programmable logic controllers (PLCs).

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Stuxnet infected Windows systems and used well-known techniques to both steal data and hide itself from a victim PC however, it was designed to specifically attack PCs that run the Siemens SIMATIC Step 7 industrial control application. The Stuxnet virus was designed to attack a particular nuclear processing facility in Natanz, Iran. The dangers posed by attacks on cyber-physical systems extend to all varieties of network-enabled physical plants-the advantages of network connectivity can be exploited by attackers if the underlying cyber-physical system is not adequately protected. Internet-connected water heaters, designed to save energy costs, could be harnessed for large-scale attacks that could cause huge amounts of physical damage. (They pointed out that many homeowners plug their own relief valves under the mistaken impression that the valve is simply unused plumbing.) After turning on the water heater and letting the internal pressure rise, the water heater exploded and rocketed to a height of 500 feet. They modified a standard home water heater in two ways: they removed the water temperature controller and plugged the relief valve. The Mythbysters program demonstrated the dangers posed by overheated water heaters. Koopman discussed attacks on Internet thermostats. No one should doubt the potential dangers posed by improperly operated or compromised cyber-physical systems. Energy system utilization can be used, for example, to determine when a person is not at home. Spying-An adversary may want to watch the system in order to assess the activities of a legitimate user. Cars can be stolen through cyber-physical methods, such as breaking into their onboard networks to turn on the engine.

Theft of services-An adversary may want to make use of the plant without damaging it. Large-scale damage-Access to the plant can be effectively denied by damaging the plant, for example by controlling the plant in a way that causes it to damage itself. For example, the attacker may steal user account information and also control the plant in a way that it cannot be used for its intended purpose.

Дenial of service-An adversary may want to deny others use of the system without physically damaging the physical plant.

A cyber-physical system can be attacked for several different purposes: However, cyber-physical systems are also vulnerable to additional attacks that combine attacks on the physical plant and computational infrastructure. For example, an attacker may steal billing records from the users of the system. Cyber-physical systems are vulnerable to all sorts of traditional cyber attacks.

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